Qatar International Schools

Secondary Subject Details

The following subjects are offered in the Secondary curriculum:

• Accounting
• Arabic
• Art
• Business Studies
• Design Technology
• English
• French
• Geography
• History
• Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
• Mathematics
• Physical Education
• Science

Top inventions for 2011

The Stark Hand

John B. Carnett  /  Popular Science

Created by Mark Stark, The Stark Hand prototype provides an ingenious, comfortable, and very inexpensive alternative to the hook his friend Dave Vogt had worn all his life. With the new hand, Dave can now catch balls and grip wine glasses.

Life Processes and Living Things

Circulation (Higher)

Blood One function of the circulation system is to transport substances around the body in the blood. Blood consists of a fluid called plasma containing white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. Many substances are transported dissolved in the plasma.  These include: Carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs Soluble products of digestion from the small intestine to other organs Urea from the liver to the kidneys White blood cells form part of the body’s defence system against micro-organisms.  They have a nucleus. Platelets are fragments of cells.  Platelets help blood to clot at the site of a wound.  They do not have a nucleus. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the organs.  They do not have a nucleus.  They are packed with a red pigment called haemoglobin.  In the lungs, oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.  In other organs the oxygen is released as the oxyhaemoglobin splits up into oxygen and haemoglobin.

The Heart The heart pumps blood around the body.  The wall of the heart contains muscle fibres. The diagram below shows the structure of the heart. Blood returns to the heart from the body in veins.  It enters the right atrium, which contracts forcing the blood into the right ventricle.  When this contracts it forces blood out of the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is absorbed. Blood from the lungs enters the left atrium of the heart and is forced into the left ventricle.  This chamber has a very thick muscular wall to push blood out of the heart into the main artery, theaorta, and around the body.  There are valves in the heart to make sure that blood flows in the correct direction. The heart is said to be a double pump, because the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps it around the body.  This is called a double circulation.

Blood Vessels  Blood travels away from the heart to the organs through arteries, and returns through veins. Arteries have thick walls containing elastic fibres, so they can stretch as blood is forced through, and muscle to pull them back into shape. Veins have thinner walls because the pressure inside them is much lower than in the arteries.  They often have valves to prevent the back-flow of blood. Capillaries join arteries to veins.  They are very narrow, thin-walled blood vessels.  Substances, like oxygen and food needed by the cells in body tissues, pass out of the blood through the capillary walls.  Substances produced by the cells, for example carbon dioxide, diffuse in the opposite direction. Breathing (Higher) Breathing System | Breathing   Breathing System The function of the breathing system is to take in oxygen from the air and get rid of carbon dioxide.  This is called gas exchange.  The diagram below shows the structure of the breathing system. The lungs are found in the upper part of the body called the thorax. They are protected by the ribcage and separated from the abdomen below by a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm. Gas exchange occurs across the walls of the alveoli.  They are adapted for this function in several ways: There are many of them, so they provide a very large surface area They have a moist surface, so oxygen can dissolve before diffusing into the blood They are surrounded by capillaries, so have a good blood supply to carry the gases Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the air in the alveoli and attaches to red blood cells to be transported around the body. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood plasma into the air in the lungs to be breathed out.     Breathing Breathing is the movement of the diaphragm and muscles between the ribs which results in air moving into or out of the lungs.  This movement of air is called ventilation. Breathing in is called inhalation. The muscles between the ribs contract pulling the ribcage up and outwards At the same time the diaphragm contracts and flattens These movements increase the volume of the thorax The pressure inside the thorax decreases so air is forced into the lungs Breathing out is called exhalation. The muscles between the ribs relax so the ribcage moves down and in At the same time the diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome-shaped. These movements decrease the volume of the thorax The pressure inside the thorax increases so air is forced out of the lungs

yemen girls فاطمه مثنى بنت اليمن يا ابيه يا فخر كل البنات

Types of Number

Number (Intermediate) - Types of Number

Prime Numbers A prime number is a number which can only be divided by one or itself. The smallest prime number is 2. 2 can only be divided by 2 or 1. Here are the first 20 prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71. Some numbers you may not be sure about, for example 51. In this case, try dividing by 3 or 7. e.g. 51 ÷ 3 = 17 So 51 is not a prime number.

Square Numbers A square number is formed by multiplying a number by itself. For example 2 x 2 = 4 4 is a square number. Here are the first 10 square numbers: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100. The square root of a square number is an integer (a whole number). For example the square root of 16 is 4. The meaning of square root is, ‘that figure which multiplied by itself gives the number'. So 4 is the square root of 16 because 4 x 4 = 16. The symbol for square root is  for example 16 = 4

Cubic Numbers A cubic number is formed by multiplying a number by itself three times. For example: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 8 is a cubic number. The first 5 cubic numbers are: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125.

Factors Factors are numbers which will divide into a number without any remainder. Example 1: factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12, because: 12 ÷ 1 = 12 12 ÷ 2 = 6 12 ÷ 3 = 4 12 ÷ 4 = 3 12 ÷ 6 = 2 12 ÷ 12 = 1 Example 2: factors of 20 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20. Note: all prime numbers have only two factors i.e. 1 and themselves. For example, factors of 7 = 1 and 7 only.

Digestive System

The functions of the digestive system are to digest and absorb foods.

Digestion Digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Digestion can be mechanical, for example chewing in the mouth and churning in the stomach to break the food into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion involves the use of special chemicals called enzymes.   These are catalysts which speed up the digestion of large molecules into small ones. The table summarises the types of enzymes and the products of digestion: Enzyme  Where it is produced  Food molecule it acts on  Products of digestion  Amylase  Salivary glands  Pancreas  Wall of small intestine   Starch (a carbohydrate)  Sugars  Protease  Stomach  Pancreas  Wall of small intestine  Proteins  Amino-acids  Lipase  Pancreas  Wall of small intestine   Fats and oils (lipids)  Fatty acids and glycerol Food is digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. Hydrochloric acid is also produced in the stomach.

Reclaiming The Quran - the complete documentary

Study Skills

Study Skills: Time Management


Time Management = Self-management

"You can't save time, you can only spend it wisely"

The starting point is to identify your critical success factors – the things that might be holding you back, the areas that could make a big difference to your performance.  if you could fix them now. Try to answer the following questions honestly as an indicator of your current standing. Are any of these problem areas for you? Is there room for improvement?

• Do you have a routine established for study during the week?
• Do you get some solid revision done at the weekends?
• Do you have a definite time for starting study each day?
• Do you have difficulty starting into tasks?
• Do you get your written work handed in on time?
• Do you find your plans regularly knocked off-schedule?
• Do you find yourself panicking prior to tests?

Weekday Schedule

Establishing a realistic routine, early in the school year, will make a huge difference to the effectiveness of your work. Like most jobs, study is mainly a matter of habit. Once settled in a routine, life becomes much simpler and study becomes more productive. Making out your own schedule, based on your particular circumstances, will act as a helpful structure for your work.

• While quality is ultimately more important than quantity, in your Leaving Cert year you should be aiming to do four hours productive study each day. This includes homework, revision, and any study sessions in school.
• Create a study timetable - construct a weekly schedule for yourself. Start by including your class times, travel, sports and other commitments. Then add designated study periods for the afternoons/evenings and for the weekend. It is better to start with realistic targets that you can fulfil rather than being over-ambitious at first.
• Have a definite time for starting study each evening. Pick a time that you can stick to. It will reinforce your discipline and condition your system to make the most of the session.

Weekend Schedule

• Getting some productive study done at weekends will make all the difference to your exam prospects! Here, you can get effective revision done, can spend more time on reviewing topics covered during the week in class, can prepare for tests or oral exams, can devote time to an essay or important assignment that needs to be done well.
• The weekend is also the time when you might feel least like studying, when the level of distraction is higher, when you want to take a break from school pressures and relax. The potential for friction at home can increase at weekends. How can you cope with these competing factors?
• The answer lies in balance and organisation. It is not possible to do everything (get some rest, play sport, work in a part-time job, go out on two or three nights, spend time with your friends, get the necessary study done) so something has to give and a balance must be arrived at. Settle on a routine that can work for you. Nominate certain blocks of time that you will devote to study at weekends (e.g. Sunday afternoon) and let these periods become firmly associated with productive study in your mind.
• You should be aiming to do up to 8 hours good study over the weekend period (i.e. from Friday evening to Sunday evening). Try getting some homework done on Friday afternoon/evening before 7pm (thus 'breaking the back' of the job before the weekend really starts), keep Saturday free for rest and recreation, and use Sunday (when there are less distractions) as the day to get some solid revision done.

"Doing It Now"

"Putting things off" is probably the biggest time-waster of all! Procrastination means letting the low-priority tasks get in the way of high-priority ones. Students of physics may liken it to the concept of inertia – a mass at rest tends to stay at rest. Here are some steps to spending time more productively. But remember, don't just read them, do them!

• Start thinking positive thoughts

Incorporate self-motivating statements into your speech and thoughts: "There's no time like the present", "The sooner I get this done, the sooner I can go out."

• Plan ahead by working backwards

By using revision checklists in your various subjects, you should know what quantity of material has to be covered over the coming months. Start from the final date (end of May) and divide your revision up week by week, allowing some flexibility for unforeseen delays. Surprise yourself by being ready in time!

• Learn to say NO once your priorities are set

Stick to your weekly schedule as closely as possible – it will become a help to your efforts and a shield against temptation. You'll still be able to socialise, rest and play, but it will be on your terms, not someone else's.

• Reward yourself

Self-reinforcement has a powerful effect on developing a "do it now" attitude. Take satisfaction in the completion of tasks and give yourself a "treat" with the time saved by taking a break. You'll have a greater sense of freedom and accomplishment because you're in control, and you'll enjoy your "free time" more! 

Is art really worth millions?

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All Nobel Prizes

Between 1901 and 2010, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 543 times to 840 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 813 individuals and 20 organizations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Laureates.

2011

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt, Adam G. Riess

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
The Nobel Prize has not been awarded yet. It will be announced on Wednesday 5 October, 11:45 a.m. CET at the earliest.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, Ralph M. Steinman

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
The Nobel Prize has not been awarded yet. It will be announced on Thursday 6 October, 1:00 p.m. CET.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
The Nobel Prize has not been awarded yet. It will be announced on Friday 7 October, 11:00 a.m. CET.

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
The Prize has not been awarded yet. It will be announced on Monday 10 October, 1:00 p.m. CET at the earliest.

2010

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Robert G. Edwards

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Mario Vargas Llosa

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Liu Xiaobo

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen, Christopher A. Pissarides

2009

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Charles Kuen Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Herta Müller

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Barack H. Obama

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Elinor Ostrom, Oliver E. Williamson

2008

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Martti Ahtisaari

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Paul Krugman

2007

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Gerhard Ertl

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Doris Lessing

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson

2006

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
John C. Mather, George F. Smoot

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Roger D. Kornberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Orhan Pamuk

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Edmund S. Phelps

2005

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Harold Pinter

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , Mohamed ElBaradei

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling

2004

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Elfriede Jelinek

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Wangari Muta Maathai

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott

2003

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
John M. Coetzee

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Shirin Ebadi

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger

2002

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Imre Kertész

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Jimmy Carter

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith

2001

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
United Nations (U.N.) , Kofi Annan

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz

2000

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Gao Xingjian

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Kim Dae-jung

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden

1999

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Ahmed H. Zewail

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Günter Blobel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Günter Grass

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Médecins Sans Frontières 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Robert A. Mundell

1998

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Walter Kohn, John A. Pople

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
José Saramago

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
John Hume, David Trimble

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Amartya Sen

1997

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Stanley B. Prusiner

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Dario Fo

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) , Jody Williams

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes

1996

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Wislawa Szymborska

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey

1995

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Seamus Heaney

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Robert E. Lucas Jr.

1994

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
George A. Olah

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Kenzaburo Oe

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten

1993

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Toni Morrison

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Nelson Mandela, Frederik Willem de Klerk

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North

1992

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Georges Charpak

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Rudolph A. Marcus

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Derek Walcott

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Rigoberta Menchú Tum

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Gary S. Becker

1991

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Richard R. Ernst

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Nadine Gordimer

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Aung San Suu Kyi 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Ronald H. Coase

1990

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Elias James Corey

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Octavio Paz

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe

1989

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Camilo José Cela

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Trygve Haavelmo

1988

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Naguib Mahfouz

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Maurice Allais

1987

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Susumu Tonegawa

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Joseph Brodsky

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Oscar Arias Sánchez

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Robert M. Solow

1986

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Wole Soyinka

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Elie Wiesel

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
James M. Buchanan Jr.

1985

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Klaus von Klitzing

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Claude Simon

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Franco Modigliani

1984

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Robert Bruce Merrifield

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Jaroslav Seifert

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Desmond Mpilo Tutu

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Richard Stone

1983

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Henry Taube

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Barbara McClintock

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
William Golding

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Lech Walesa

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Gerard Debreu

1982

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Kenneth G. Wilson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Aaron Klug

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Gabriel García Márquez

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
George J. Stigler

1981

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Elias Canetti

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
James Tobin

1980

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Czeslaw Milosz

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Lawrence R. Klein

1979

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Odysseus Elytis

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Mother Teresa 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis

1978

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Peter D. Mitchell

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Isaac Bashevis Singer

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Herbert A. Simon

1977

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck van Vleck

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Ilya Prigogine

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Vicente Aleixandre

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Amnesty International 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Bertil Ohlin, James E. Meade

1976

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
William N. Lipscomb

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Saul Bellow

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Milton Friedman

1975

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, Leo James Rainwater

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Eugenio Montale

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans

1974

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Sir Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Paul J. Flory

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek

1973

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Patrick White

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Henry A. Kissinger, Le Duc Tho 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Wassily Leontief

1972

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Christian B. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Heinrich Böll

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow

1971

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Dennis Gabor

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Gerhard Herzberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Pablo Neruda

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Willy Brandt

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Simon Kuznets

1970

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Luis F. Leloir

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Norman E. Borlaug

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Paul A. Samuelson

1969

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Murray Gell-Mann

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Derek H. R. Barton, Odd Hassel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Samuel Beckett

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.) 

THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen

1968

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Luis Walter Alvarez

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Lars Onsager

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Yasunari Kawabata

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
René Cassin

1967

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Hans Albrecht Bethe

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Miguel Angel Asturias

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1966

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Alfred Kastler

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Robert S. Mulliken

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Nelly Sachs

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1965

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Robert Burns Woodward

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 

1964

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Jean-Paul Sartre

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Martin Luther King Jr.

1963

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Giorgos Seferis

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) , Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies) 

1962

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Lev Davidovich Landau

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Max Ferdinand Perutz, John Cowdery Kendrew

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
John Steinbeck

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Linus Carl Pauling

1961

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Melvin Calvin

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Georg von Békésy

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Ivo Andric

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld

1960

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Donald Arthur Glaser

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Willard Frank Libby

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Saint-John Perse

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Albert John Lutuli

1959

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Emilio Gino Segrè, Owen Chamberlain

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Jaroslav Heyrovsky

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Salvatore Quasimodo

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Philip J. Noel-Baker

1958

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Frederick Sanger

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Georges Pire

1957

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Lord (Alexander R.) Todd

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Daniel Bovet

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Albert Camus

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Lester Bowles Pearson

1956

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Juan Ramón Jiménez

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1955

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Willis Eugene Lamb, Polykarp Kusch

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Vincent du Vigneaud

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Halldór Kiljan Laxness

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1954

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Max Born, Walther Bothe

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Linus Carl Pauling

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Ernest Miller Hemingway

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 

1953

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Frits (Frederik) Zernike

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Hermann Staudinger

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
George Catlett Marshall

1952

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Selman Abraham Waksman

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
François Mauriac

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Albert Schweitzer

1951

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Edwin Mattison McMillan, Glenn Theodore Seaborg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Max Theiler

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Pär Fabian Lagerkvist

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Léon Jouhaux

1950

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Cecil Frank Powell

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Otto Paul Hermann Diels, Kurt Alder

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Ralph Bunche

1949

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Hideki Yukawa

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
William Francis Giauque

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
William Faulkner

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin

1948

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Paul Hermann Müller

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Thomas Stearns Eliot

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1947

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Sir Edward Victor Appleton

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Sir Robert Robinson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, Bernardo Alberto Houssay

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
André Paul Guillaume Gide

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Friends Service Council (The Quakers) , American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers) 

1946

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Percy Williams Bridgman

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
James Batcheller Sumner, John Howard Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Hermann Joseph Muller

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Hermann Hesse

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Emily Greene Balch, John Raleigh Mott

1945

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Wolfgang Pauli

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Gabriela Mistral

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Cordell Hull

1944

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Isidor Isaac Rabi

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Otto Hahn

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) 

1943

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Otto Stern

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
George de Hevesy

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1942

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1941

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1940

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1939

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Ernest Orlando Lawrence

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Gerhard Domagk

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Frans Eemil Sillanpää

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1938

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Enrico Fermi

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Richard Kuhn

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Corneille Jean François Heymans

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Pearl Buck

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees) 

1937

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Walter Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Roger Martin du Gard

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)

1936

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Carlos Saavedra Lamas

1935

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
James Chadwick

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Hans Spemann

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Carl von Ossietzky

1934

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Harold Clayton Urey

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Luigi Pirandello

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Arthur Henderson

1933

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Thomas Hunt Morgan

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)

1932

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Werner Karl Heisenberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Irving Langmuir

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
John Galsworthy

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1931

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Otto Heinrich Warburg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Erik Axel Karlfeldt

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler

1930

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Hans Fischer

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Karl Landsteiner

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Sinclair Lewis

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom

1929

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Thomas Mann

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Frank Billings Kellogg

1928

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Owen Willans Richardson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Sigrid Undset

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1927

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Heinrich Otto Wieland

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Julius Wagner-Jauregg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Henri Bergson

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde

1926

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Jean Baptiste Perrin

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
The (Theodor) Svedberg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Grazia Deledda

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann

1925

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
George Bernard Shaw

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles Gates Dawes

1924

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Willem Einthoven

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1923

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Robert Andrews Millikan

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Fritz Pregl

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
William Butler Yeats

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1922

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Niels Henrik David Bohr

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Francis William Aston

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Jacinto Benavente

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Fridtjof Nansen

1921

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Albert Einstein

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Frederick Soddy

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Anatole France

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Karl Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lous Lange

1920

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Charles Edouard Guillaume

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Walther Hermann Nernst

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Schack August Steenberg Krogh

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Knut Pedersen Hamsun

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois

1919

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Johannes Stark

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Jules Bordet

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Thomas Woodrow Wilson

1918

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Fritz Haber

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1917

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Charles Glover Barkla

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) 

1916

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1915

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Richard Martin Willstätter

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Romain Rolland

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1914

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Max von Laue

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Theodore William Richards

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Robert Bárány

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1913

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Alfred Werner

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Charles Robert Richet

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Rabindranath Tagore

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Henri La Fontaine

1912

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Nils Gustaf Dalén

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Alexis Carrel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Elihu Root

1911

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Wilhelm Wien

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Marie Curie, née Sklodowska

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Allvar Gullstrand

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Alfred Hermann Fried

1910

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Johannes Diderik van der Waals

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Otto Wallach

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Albrecht Kossel

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau) 

1909

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Wilhelm Ostwald

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Emil Theodor Kocher

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque

1908

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Gabriel Lippmann

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Ernest Rutherford

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Rudolf Christoph Eucken

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer

1907

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Albert Abraham Michelson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Eduard Buchner

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Rudyard Kipling

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault

1906

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Joseph John Thomson

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Henri Moissan

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Giosuè Carducci

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Theodore Roosevelt

1905

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Robert Koch

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Henryk Sienkiewicz

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau

1904

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt)

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Sir William Ramsay

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray y Eizaguirre

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law) 

1903

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, née Sklodowska

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Svante August Arrhenius

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Niels Ryberg Finsen

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
William Randal Cremer

1902

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Hermann Emil Fischer

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Ronald Ross

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Élie Ducommun, Charles Albert Gobat

1901

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Emil Adolf von Behring

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
Sully Prudhomme

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Jean Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy